63 research outputs found

    Solutions pour l'auto-adaptation des systĂšmes sans fil

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    The current demand on ubiquitous connectivity imposes stringent requirements on the fabrication of Radio-Frequency (RF) circuits. Designs are consequently transferred to the most advanced CMOS technologies that were initially introduced to improve digital performance. In addition, as technology scales down, RF circuits are more and more susceptible to a lot of variations during their lifetime, as manufacturing process variability, temperature, environmental conditions, aging
 As a result, the usual worst-case circuit design is leading to sub-optimal conditions, in terms of power and/or performance most of the time for the circuit. In order to counteract these variations, increasing the performances and also reduce power consumption, adaptation strategies must be put in place.More importantly, the fabrication process introduces more and more performance variability, which can have a dramatic impact on the fabrication yield. That is why RF designs are not easily fabricated in the most advanced CMOS technologies, as 32nm or 22nm nodes for instance. In this context, the performances of RF circuits need to be calibrated after fabrication so as to take these variations into account and recover yield loss.This thesis work is presenting on a post-fabrication calibration technique for RF circuits. This technique is performed during production testing with minimum extra cost, which is critical since the cost of test can be comparable to the cost of fabrication concerning RF circuits and cannot be further raised. Calibration is enabled by equipping the circuit with tuning knobs and sensors. Optimal tuning knob identification is achieved in one-shot based on a single test step that involves measuring the sensor outputs once. For this purpose, we rely on variation-aware sensors which provide measurements that remain invariant under tuning knob changes. As an auxiliary benefit, the variation-aware sensors are non-intrusive and totally transparent to the circuit.Our proposed methodology has first been demonstrated with simulation data with an RF power amplifier as a case study. Afterwards, a silicon demonstrator has then been fabricated in a 65nm technology in order to fully demonstrate the methodology. The fabricated dataset of circuits is extracted from typical and corner wafers. This feature is very important since corner circuits are the worst design cases and therefore the most difficult to calibrate. In our case, corner circuits represent more than the two third of the overall dataset and the calibration can still be proven. In details, fabrication yield based on 3 sigma performance specifications is increased from 21% to 93%. This is a major performance of the technique, knowing that worst case circuits are very rare in industrial fabrication.La demande courante de connectivitĂ© instantanĂ©e impose un cahier des charges trĂšs strict sur la fabrication des circuits Radio-FrĂ©quences (RF). Les circuits doivent donc ĂȘtre transfĂ©rĂ©es vers les technologies les plus avancĂ©es, initialement introduites pour augmenter les performances des circuits purement numĂ©riques. De plus, les circuits RF sont soumis Ă  de plus en plus de variations et cette sensibilitĂ© s’accroĂźt avec l’avancĂ©es des technologies. Ces variations sont par exemple les variations du procĂ©dĂ© de fabrication, la tempĂ©rature, l’environnement, le vieillissement
 Par consĂ©quent, la mĂ©thode classique de conception de circuits “pire-cas” conduit Ă  une utilisation non-optimale du circuit dans la vaste majoritĂ© des conditions, en termes de performances et/ou de consommation. Ces variations doivent donc ĂȘtre compensĂ©es, en utilisant des techniques d’adaptation.De maniĂšre plus importante encore, le procĂ©dĂ© de fabrication des circuits introduit de plus en plus de variabilitĂ© dans les performances des circuits, ce qui a un impact important sur le rendement de fabrication des circuits. Pour cette raison, les circuits RF sont difficilement fabriquĂ©s dans les technologies CMOS les plus avancĂ©es comme les nƓuds 32nm ou 22nm. Dans ce contexte, les performances des circuits RF doivent ĂȘtres calibrĂ©es aprĂšs fabrication pour prendre en compte ces variations et retrouver un haut rendement de fabrication.Ce travail de these prĂ©sente une mĂ©thode de calibration post-fabrication pour les circuits RF. Cette mĂ©thodologie est appliquĂ©e pendant le test de production en ajoutant un minimum de coĂ»t, ce qui est un point essentiel car le coĂ»t du test est aujourd’hui dĂ©jĂ  comparable au coĂ»t de fabrication d’un circuit RF et ne peut ĂȘtre augmentĂ© d’avantage. Par ailleurs, la puissance consommĂ©e est aussi prise en compte pour que l’impact de la calibration sur la consommation soit minimisĂ©. La calibration est rendue possible en Ă©quipant le circuit avec des nƓuds de rĂ©glages et des capteurs. L’identification de la valeur de rĂ©glage optimale du circuit est obtenue en un seul coup, en testant les performances RF une seule et unique fois. Cela est possible grĂące Ă  l’utilisation de capteurs de variations du procĂ©dĂ© de fabrication qui sont invariants par rapport aux changements des nƓuds de rĂ©glage. Un autre benefice de l’utilisation de ces capteurs de variation sont non-intrusifs et donc totalement transparents pour le circuit sous test. La technique de calibration a Ă©tĂ© dĂ©montrĂ©e sur un amplificateur de puissance RF utilisĂ© comme cas d’étude. Une premiĂšre preuve de concept est dĂ©veloppĂ©e en utilisant des rĂ©sultats de simulation.Un dĂ©monstrateur en silicium a ensuite Ă©tĂ© fabriquĂ© en technologie 65nm pour entiĂšrement dĂ©montrer le concept de calibration. L’ensemble des puces fabriquĂ©es a Ă©tĂ© extrait de trois types de wafer diffĂ©rents, avec des transistors aux performances lentes, typiques et rapides. Cette caractĂ©ristique est trĂšs importante car elle nous permet de considĂ©rer des cas de procĂ©dĂ© de fabrication extrĂȘmes qui sont les plus difficiles Ă  calibrer. Dans notre cas, ces circuits reprĂ©sentent plus des deux tiers des puces Ă  disposition et nous pouvons quand mĂȘme prouver notre concept de calibration. Dans le dĂ©tails, le rendement de fabrication passe de 21% avant calibration Ă  plus de 93% aprĂšs avoir appliquĂ© notre mĂ©thodologie. Cela constitue une performance majeure de notre mĂ©thodologie car les circuits extrĂȘmes sont trĂšs rares dans une fabrication industrielle

    Inhomogeneity and complexity measures for spatial patterns

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    In this work we examine two different measures for inhomogeneity and complexity that are derived from nonextensive considerations a' la Tsallis. Their performance is then tested on theoretically generated patterns. All measures are found to exhibit a most sensitive behaviour for Sierpinski carpets. The procedures here introduced provide us with new, powerful Tsallis' tools for analysing the inhomogeneity and complexity of spatial patterns.Comment: 15 pages, 7 figures; replaced with published versio

    Solutions for the self-adaptation of wireless systems

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    La demande courante de connectivitĂ© instantanĂ©e impose un cahier des charges trĂšs strict sur la fabrication des circuits Radio-FrĂ©quences (RF). Les circuits doivent donc ĂȘtre transfĂ©rĂ©es vers les technologies les plus avancĂ©es, initialement introduites pour augmenter les performances des circuits purement numĂ©riques. De plus, les circuits RF sont soumis Ă  de plus en plus de variations et cette sensibilitĂ© s’accroĂźt avec l’avancĂ©es des technologies. Ces variations sont par exemple les variations du procĂ©dĂ© de fabrication, la tempĂ©rature, l’environnement, le vieillissement
 Par consĂ©quent, la mĂ©thode classique de conception de circuits “pire-cas” conduit Ă  une utilisation non-optimale du circuit dans la vaste majoritĂ© des conditions, en termes de performances et/ou de consommation. Ces variations doivent donc ĂȘtre compensĂ©es, en utilisant des techniques d’adaptation.De maniĂšre plus importante encore, le procĂ©dĂ© de fabrication des circuits introduit de plus en plus de variabilitĂ© dans les performances des circuits, ce qui a un impact important sur le rendement de fabrication des circuits. Pour cette raison, les circuits RF sont difficilement fabriquĂ©s dans les technologies CMOS les plus avancĂ©es comme les nƓuds 32nm ou 22nm. Dans ce contexte, les performances des circuits RF doivent ĂȘtres calibrĂ©es aprĂšs fabrication pour prendre en compte ces variations et retrouver un haut rendement de fabrication.Ce travail de these prĂ©sente une mĂ©thode de calibration post-fabrication pour les circuits RF. Cette mĂ©thodologie est appliquĂ©e pendant le test de production en ajoutant un minimum de coĂ»t, ce qui est un point essentiel car le coĂ»t du test est aujourd’hui dĂ©jĂ  comparable au coĂ»t de fabrication d’un circuit RF et ne peut ĂȘtre augmentĂ© d’avantage. Par ailleurs, la puissance consommĂ©e est aussi prise en compte pour que l’impact de la calibration sur la consommation soit minimisĂ©. La calibration est rendue possible en Ă©quipant le circuit avec des nƓuds de rĂ©glages et des capteurs. L’identification de la valeur de rĂ©glage optimale du circuit est obtenue en un seul coup, en testant les performances RF une seule et unique fois. Cela est possible grĂące Ă  l’utilisation de capteurs de variations du procĂ©dĂ© de fabrication qui sont invariants par rapport aux changements des nƓuds de rĂ©glage. Un autre benefice de l’utilisation de ces capteurs de variation sont non-intrusifs et donc totalement transparents pour le circuit sous test. La technique de calibration a Ă©tĂ© dĂ©montrĂ©e sur un amplificateur de puissance RF utilisĂ© comme cas d’étude. Une premiĂšre preuve de concept est dĂ©veloppĂ©e en utilisant des rĂ©sultats de simulation.Un dĂ©monstrateur en silicium a ensuite Ă©tĂ© fabriquĂ© en technologie 65nm pour entiĂšrement dĂ©montrer le concept de calibration. L’ensemble des puces fabriquĂ©es a Ă©tĂ© extrait de trois types de wafer diffĂ©rents, avec des transistors aux performances lentes, typiques et rapides. Cette caractĂ©ristique est trĂšs importante car elle nous permet de considĂ©rer des cas de procĂ©dĂ© de fabrication extrĂȘmes qui sont les plus difficiles Ă  calibrer. Dans notre cas, ces circuits reprĂ©sentent plus des deux tiers des puces Ă  disposition et nous pouvons quand mĂȘme prouver notre concept de calibration. Dans le dĂ©tails, le rendement de fabrication passe de 21% avant calibration Ă  plus de 93% aprĂšs avoir appliquĂ© notre mĂ©thodologie. Cela constitue une performance majeure de notre mĂ©thodologie car les circuits extrĂȘmes sont trĂšs rares dans une fabrication industrielle.The current demand on ubiquitous connectivity imposes stringent requirements on the fabrication of Radio-Frequency (RF) circuits. Designs are consequently transferred to the most advanced CMOS technologies that were initially introduced to improve digital performance. In addition, as technology scales down, RF circuits are more and more susceptible to a lot of variations during their lifetime, as manufacturing process variability, temperature, environmental conditions, aging
 As a result, the usual worst-case circuit design is leading to sub-optimal conditions, in terms of power and/or performance most of the time for the circuit. In order to counteract these variations, increasing the performances and also reduce power consumption, adaptation strategies must be put in place.More importantly, the fabrication process introduces more and more performance variability, which can have a dramatic impact on the fabrication yield. That is why RF designs are not easily fabricated in the most advanced CMOS technologies, as 32nm or 22nm nodes for instance. In this context, the performances of RF circuits need to be calibrated after fabrication so as to take these variations into account and recover yield loss.This thesis work is presenting on a post-fabrication calibration technique for RF circuits. This technique is performed during production testing with minimum extra cost, which is critical since the cost of test can be comparable to the cost of fabrication concerning RF circuits and cannot be further raised. Calibration is enabled by equipping the circuit with tuning knobs and sensors. Optimal tuning knob identification is achieved in one-shot based on a single test step that involves measuring the sensor outputs once. For this purpose, we rely on variation-aware sensors which provide measurements that remain invariant under tuning knob changes. As an auxiliary benefit, the variation-aware sensors are non-intrusive and totally transparent to the circuit.Our proposed methodology has first been demonstrated with simulation data with an RF power amplifier as a case study. Afterwards, a silicon demonstrator has then been fabricated in a 65nm technology in order to fully demonstrate the methodology. The fabricated dataset of circuits is extracted from typical and corner wafers. This feature is very important since corner circuits are the worst design cases and therefore the most difficult to calibrate. In our case, corner circuits represent more than the two third of the overall dataset and the calibration can still be proven. In details, fabrication yield based on 3 sigma performance specifications is increased from 21% to 93%. This is a major performance of the technique, knowing that worst case circuits are very rare in industrial fabrication

    One-shot calibration of RF circuits based on non-intrusive sensors

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    International audienceWe propose a post-fabrication calibration technique for RF circuits that is performed during production testing with minimum extra cost. Calibration is enabled by equipping the circuit with tuning knobs and sensors. Optimal tuning knob identification is achieved in one-shot based on a single test step that involves measuring the sensor outputs once. For this purpose, we rely on variation-aware sensors which provide measurements that remain invariant under tuning knob changes. As an auxiliary benefit, the variation-aware sensors are non-intrusive and totally transparent to the circuit. The technique is demonstrated on a 65nm RF power amplifier

    A procedural method to predictively assess power-quality trade-offs of circuit-level adaptivity in IoT systems

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    The constant miniaturization of IoT sensor nodes requires a continuous reduction in battery sizes, leading to more stringent needs in terms of low-power operation. Over the past decades, an extremely large variety of techniques have been introduced to enable such reductions in power consumption. Many involve some form of offline reconfigurability (OfC), i.e., the ability to configure the node before deployment, or online adaptivity (OnA), i.e., the ability to also reconfigure the node during run time. Yet, the inherent design trade-offs usually lead to ad hoc OnA and OfC, which prevent assessing the varying benefits and costs each approach implies before investing in implementation on a specific node. To solve this issue, in this work, we propose a generic predictive assessment methodology that enables us to evaluate OfC and OnA globally, prior to any design. Practically, the methodology is based on optimization mathematics, to quickly and efficiently evaluate the potential benefits and costs from OnA relative to OfC. This generic methodology can, thus, determine which type of solution will consume the least amount of power, given a specific application scenario, before implementation. We applied the methodology to three adaptive IoT system studies, to demonstrate the ability of the introduced methodology, bring insights into the adaptivity mechanics, and quickly optimize the OfC–OnA adaptivity, even under scenarios with many adaptivity variables.Peer reviewe

    One-Shot Non-Intrusive Calibration Against Process Variations for Analog/RF Circuits

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    International audienc

    Toward All-Digital Time-Domain Neural Network Accelerators for In-Sensor Processing Applications

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    Deep Neural Network (DNN) accelerators are increasingly integrated into sensing applications, such as wearables and sensor networks, to provide advanced in-sensor processing capabilities. Given wearables’ strict size and power requirements, minimizing the area and energy consumption of DNN accelerators is a critical concern. In that regard, computing DNN models in the time domain is a promising architecture, taking advantage of both technology scaling friendliness and efficiency. Yet, time-domain accelerators are typically not fully digital, limiting the full benefits of time-domain computation. In this work, we propose a time-domain multiply and accumulate (MAC) circuitry enabling an all-digital with a small size and low energy consumption to target in-sensor processing. The proposed MAC circuitry features a simple and efficient architecture without dependencies on analog non-idealities such as leakage and charge errors. It is implemented in 22nm FD-SOI technology, occupying 35 ÎŒm×35 ÎŒm while supporting multi-bit inputs (8-bit) and weights (4-bit). The power dissipation is 46.61 ÎŒW at 500MHz, and 20.58 ÎŒW at 200MHz. Combining 32 MAC units achieves an average power efficiency, area efficiency and normalized efficiency of 0.45 TOPS/W and 75 GOPS/mm2, and 14.4 1b-TOPS/W.Peer reviewe
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